THE PEARLY GATES OF CYBERSPACE
Page 192
place of liberation and redemption, one with distinctly heavenly
overtones. Such was the vision of Wells' French disciple Gaston
de Pawlowski. In Pawlowski's Voyage to the Country of
the Fourth Dimension (1912), he served up a ringing
moral tale in which the ability to see and comprehend a fourth
dimension saves mankind from scientistic hubris. Within the
novel, history was divided into three eras. Beginning in the
early twentieth century was what Pawlowski called the "Epoch
of Leviathan," an age of rampant materialism and positivism.
According to the author this era would culminate during the
late twentieth century with a "scientific period"
full of nameless horrors. Finally, salvation would come when
the fourth dimension was revealed, initiating the "epoch
of the Golden Bird." In this "idealist renaissance"
man would apparently "raise himself forever above the vulgar
world" of three dimensions and find himself in a "higher"
realm of wisdom and cosmic unity. As Pawlowski explained: "The
notion of the fourth dimension opens absolutely new horizons
for us. It completes our comprehension of the world; it allows
the definitive synthesis of our knowledge to be realized. .
. . When one reaches the country of the fourth dimension. .
. one finds [one ]self blended with the entire universe."8
Pawlowski's heavenly vision of the fourth dimension and his
belief in its salvific properties would be widely reflected
by others in the first decades of our century. A whole brand
of what Henderson terms "hyperspace philosophy" would
spring up, giv-ing rise to all manner of curious blendings of
science and spiritu- ality. Ironically, the same kind of mathematics
that Einstein would later use in the general theory of relativity
has also served as a foundation for some of the most bizarre
pseudoscientific specula-tions of our age.
Foremost among the new hyperspace philosophers was Englishman
Charles Hinton. As a professional mathematician, Hinton taught
at Princeton University and later worked for the / Page 193
/ United States Naval Observatory and the U.S. Patent Office,
but parallel to this orthodox professional life was a mystical
under-belly in which he pursued a spiritual approach to the
fourth di- mension. In A New Era of Thought
(1888) Hinton outlined a system by which people
could supposedly train themselves to be- come aware of the true
four-dimensional nature of space. At the core of this system
was a set of special colored blocks, the con- templation of
which would supposedly break down restricting "self-elements"
within the mind, thereby opening the doors of
perception to the fourth dimension.
Hinton dreamed of bringing forth "a complete system of
four-dimensional thought-mechanics, science and art,"9
but in truth he was interested less in the practical applications
of the fourth dimension than in its spiritual and philosophical
ramifica- tions. Here he was inspired by Plato's analogy of
prisoners chained in a cave, doomed forever to see only the
shadows of the "real" world outside.
For Hinton, our normal experience of three-dimensional space
doomed us to see only the "shadows" of the "rea1"
reality, which is four-dimensional. By becoming aware
of this extra di-mension, he believed that Plato's realm of
the ideal would be re-vealed. As the realm of the noumenon,
the fourth dimension could also be seen, in Hintons view,
as Kant's "thing-in-itself"
Hinton never realized his "complete system" of four-dimensional
thought, but his philosophical interpretation of the fourth
dimension would greatly influence later hyperspace thinkers.
Among them was the Russian mystic Peter Demianovich Ouspensky.
"In the idea of a spatial fourth dimension," says
Henderson, "Ouspensky believed he had found an explanation
for the 'enigmas of the world,' and with this knowledge he could
offer mankind a new truth that would, like the gift of Prometheus,
transform human existence."10
For Ouspensky, the fourth dimension was none other than / Page
194 / time. But according to him, in
our everyday experience of this di-mension we are deceived.
In truth, Ouspensky declared, time is just another dimension
of space, and thus all motion is an illusion. According to Ousp~nsky,
the real reality is a changeless four- dimensional stasis.
Not just time and motion, but matter also is an illusion that
people must overcome by learning to "see" anew. Not
everyone, however, wa; mentally equipped for Ouspensky's four-dimensional
vision. Those who are so gifted constitute a race of "supermen"
with the power to realize what Ouspensky called "cosmic
consciousness." In this final state of evolution, the new
"supermen" will find themselves graced with "higher
emotion, higher intellect, intuition, and mystical wisdom."11
In this realm, ordinary laws of mathematics and logic will be
superseded by a new "logic of ecstasy." It was through
just such an "intuitive logic" that Ouspensky proposed
to prepare future supermen for the mys-tical revelation of the
fourth dimension.
In Ouspensky's vision of the fourth dimension de we not detect
distinct echoes of the medieval Christian Heaven? Just as in
the Empyrean time was negated, subsumed into an eternal bliss-
ful stasis, so also in Ouspensky's hyperspace realm we find
our-selves in a state of ecstatic stasis. Here too in the fourth
dimension, we are promised "higher emotion," "higher
intellect," even "mys- tical wisdom." In such
early twentieth-century visions of a fourth dimension we witness
a recasting into scientific terms the old idea of a transcendent,
heavenly domain.
Another hyperspace philosopher with
even more overtly Christian leanings was the Rochester, New
York, architect Claude Bragdon. It was Bragdon who organized
the English translation of Ouspensky's work, and the two men
immediately recognized kin- dred spirits in one another. In
addition to Bragdon's more philo- sophical works, his oeuvre
also included a curious littte religious title called Man
the Square: A Higher Space Parable. Here, Brag-don
used the analogy of a two-dimensional world (rather like / Page
195 / Abbott's Flatland), "to convey a message of love
and harmony."12 As in
Flatland, Bragdon's characters are also simple geo-
metric figures living on a flat surface (see Figure 5.1).As
the story unfolds, however, we learn that all these figures
are really cross sec-tions of cubes, tilted at different angles
to their two-dimensional planar world (See Figure 5.2). Seen
from the "higher" reality of three dimensions, the
beings are not flat figures but hearty, solid cubes.
At the end of the story, this higher-dimensional reality is
demonstrated to the flatlanders by a "Christos cube,"
which reveals its true cubic nature by folding down its six
sides to form the shape of a cross. In the logic of the story,
what brings about disharmony in the two-dimensional world is
that the cubes of the flatlanders are all tilted at odd angles
to their plane. To reinstate harmony, the cubes need to be aligned
upright so they are all "square" with their plane.
The moral of the tale (of course) was that we too need
to get ourselves properly aligned in our own higher space dimen-sion-i.e.,
the fourth.
Along with the supposedly philosophical and moral impli-cations
of the fourth dimension, Bragdon was also interested in its
aesthetic possibilities. "Consciousness is moving towards
the con-quest of a new space," he wrote. "Ornament
must indicate this movement of consciousness."13
To this end, Bragdon produced Projective Ornament, a
book of images created by projecting four-dimensional figures
onto two-dimensional surfaces. The result, as in Figures 5.3
and 5.4, was a kind of geometric Art Deco that was in truth,
rather banal. Bragdon's imagery failed to precipitate the aesthetic
revolution he was hoping for, but elsewhere real art- world
heavyweights were looking to the fourth dimension for
in-spiration. And some may even have taken cues from Bragdon's
work..."
..."That Cubists and other
modernist artists should be inter-ested in higher-dimensional
space is hardly surprising, for a pri- mary thrust of early
twentieth-century art was to break with the tradition of perspective.
If it turned out that physical space was not in fact
three-dimensional, then the rules of linear perspective would
simply be arbitrary. The possibility of higher-dimensional space
thus served a powerful rhetorical function for the nascent modems.
Recognizing this explicitly, Gleizes and Metzinger stated in
Du Cubism that "If we wished to tie the painter's
space to a particular geometry, we should have to refer it to
the non- Euclidean scholars."17
The painter who most seriously took up this challenge was Marcel
Duchamp. Originally associated with the Cubists, Duchamp soon
spun off onto his own peripatetic paths. Like Malevich, his
most famous work was also inspired by the fourth di-
mension. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even,
often known as TheLarge Glass, is surely one of the
most pondered-over
works in the modem canon; and this time we have extensive notes
by the artist detailing the process of genesis. Specifically,
we know that in preparing for this work Duchamp embarked on
a study of non-Euclidian and higher-dimensional geometries.
The end result of these efforts was a complex work divided into
two distinct halves: in the top half is the "Bride,"
and in the bottom half the "Bachelor Apparatus." According
to Duchamp's notes the Bride is supposed to be a four-dimensional
entity, while the bachelors are three- dimensional. Floating
above her retinue, this higher-space spouse hovers enigmatically
in a world of her own.
Page 201
With all this artistic, literary, and mystical speculation about
a fourth dimension, what delicious synchronicity when the theory
of relativity suddenly;enshrined the concept in physical
reality. Einstein's revelation of the fourth dimension seemed
to many hy-perspace enthusiasts a confirmation of what they
had known all along. The common thread running between the worlds
of rela-tivistic physics and that of the writers and artists
was of course the new mathematics of non-Euclidian geometry.
Ironically, many of the new-math pioneers had themselves been
driven to their radi-cal geometries by a scientific interest
in the structure of physical space. To these men, Gauss included,
their fantastical new geo-metries had originally evolved as
tools for helping them to better understand the nature of the
concrete physical world. Thus while they are generally remembered
today as mathematicians, along with Einstein these men ought
also to be recognized as pioneers in the physics of space.
In fact, the whole development of non-Euclidian geometry that
Gauss initiated emerged out of his work on the measurement of
the earth. Given that the literal meaning of the word "geome-try"
is "earth measurement," this was particularly apt.
In its origi-nal incarnation, the science of geometry
had emerged from ancient Egyptian surveying of the Nile Delta.
This ancient (i.e., Euclidian) geometry had only dealt with
flat space, such as the surface of this page. On a large
scale, however, the surface of the earth is spherical, and hence
curved. Thus a study of the earth's surface ultimately requires
a geometry of curved surfaces. Gauss' seminal papers
on curved-space geometry were inspired by his stint as scientific
advisor to a geodetic survey of the region of Hanover. "Once
again," says Max Jammer, "we see that histori-cally
viewed, abstract theories of space owe their existence to the
practice of geodetic work."18
Humans had long known that the surface of our planet is curved,
but what about the space in which our globe is embedded?
/ Page 202 / Might space itself be curved? For Newton
and his contemporaries there had been no mathematical alternatives
to Euclidian space so they had simply assumed that this was-the
correct model for phys-ical space. But after Gauss' work on
curved surfaces, he began to wonder if the assumption of a Euclidian
universe was justified. In the early nineteenth century -long
before Einstein was born- Gauss actually tried to measure the
curvature of physical space. He did this by the ingenious method
of surveying a triangle formed by three mountaintops. In Euclidian,
or flat space, three angles of a triangle must add up
to 180 degrees, but if the space is curved the angles
will add up to something else. (To more than 180
if the space is "positively" curved, like a sphere,
and less than 180 if it is "negatively" curved,
like a saddle.) Since Gauss failed to find any deviation from
180 degrees, he concluded that at least in the vicin-
ity of the earth, space must be Euclidian.
The later Russian mathematician, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky,
would try a similar experiment but on a much larger scale. Instead
of mountains, Lobachevsky used distant stars, yet still he found
no deviation from flat space. Both Gauss and Lobachevsky concluded,
based on the evidence available to them, that our local area
of the universe was Euclidian, but both realized there was no
reason why this must be the case. As Gauss pre-sciently
put it: "In some future life, perhaps, we may have other
ideas about space which, at present, are inaccessible to us
"19
While Gauss and Lobachevsky pioneered the idea of curved space,
later in the nineteenth century a brilliant young mathe-matician
named Bernhard Riemann even considered the pos- sibility that
gravity was a by-product of curvature in higher- dimensional
space. While there is no doubt that Einstein thought up this
concept for himself, it is worth noting that the idea had already
been imagined more than half a century before. The young man
responsible for this astonishing insight was a disciple of Gauss,
and he remains one of the most underrated / Page
203 / visionaries in modern science. Today Riemann is generally
re-membered as a pure mathematician, but what really interested
this pathologically shy Austrian was the problem of how physical
forces arise. Decades before Einstein's birth, Riemann became
convinced that the explanation for gravity must lie in the geometry
of space.
Thinking about the problem of physical forces, Riemann imagined
a world not unlike Abbott's Flatland, in which a race of two-dimensional
creatures were living on a flat sheet of paper. Now what would
happen, Riemann asked, if we crumpled the paper? Because the
creatures' bodies are embedded in the paper, they would
not be able to see the wrinkles - to them their world would
still look perfectly flat. Yet Riemann realized that even if
the space looked flat, it would no longer behave as
if it were flat. He ar-gued that when the creatures tried to
move about in their two - dimensional world they would feel
a mysterious unseen "force" whenever they hit one
of the wrinkles, and they would no longer be able to move in
straight lines.
Extrapolating this idea to our three-dimensional universe, Riemann
imagined that our three-dimensional space was also "crumpled"
in an unseen fourth dimension. Like the two-dimensional beings
of the paper universe, he reasoned that al-though we could not
see such "wrinkles" in the space around us, we too
would experience them as invisible forces. From this bril-liant
insight, Riemann concluded that gravity was "caused by
the crumpling of our three-dimensional universe in the unseen
fourth dimension."20 Having outlined his basic theme, this
shy genius set about developing a mathematical language in which
to express these ideas. The result of his labors was the new
geometry that Ein- stein would eventually use in his general
theory of relativity. "In retrospect," says physicist
Michio Kaku, "we now see how close Riemann came to discovering
the theory of gravity 60 years before Einstein."2l In one
way or other, speculations about the physics of Flatland have
had profound consequences for us all.
Page 204
Einstein's "discovery"-of a fourth dimension must
surely rate as one of modem science's most amazing findings.
With this dis-covery, man was now in a position (like the Square
in Abbott's tale) to see his world from a new perspective. But
as the Square said to Lord Sphere, why stop at four
dimensions? With our vision thus expanded, might we too
not "resolve that our ambition [should] soar" onward
and upward to higher dimensions still? And since human beings
are as naturally curious as Squares, indeed it was not long
before someone began to dream about a fifth dimension.
In the 1920s, a young Polish mathematician had the bright idea
that if the force of gravity could be explained by the geometry
of four-dimensional space, then perhaps he might be able to
explain the electromagnetic force by the geometry of five- dimensional
space. With this seeming science fiction fantasy begins one
of the most curious episodes in the history of space.
If Riemann was a maverick in the history of science, Theodr
Kaluza was decidedly an oddity. An obscure mathematician at
the University of Konigsberg (in what is now Kaliningrad in
the former Soviet Union), Kaluza was convinced that Einstein's
approach to gravity could be expanded and enhanced. In particular,
he wanted to apply Einstein's approach to the electromagnetic
force-the force responsible for electricity, magnetism, and,
light. Along with Riemann, in fact, Kaluza believed that electromagnetism
must also be the result of curvature (or ripples) in a higher-dimensional
space. But the problem Kaluza faced was that there did not seem
to be any more dimensions left. With three of space and one
of time, nature's stock seemed to be exhausted.
Yet Kaluza was not a man to be deterred by such prosaic objections.
In an audacious move he simply rewrote Einstein's equations
of general relativity in five dimensions. Lo and behold, when
he did so it turned out that these five-dimensional equations
contained within them the regular four-dimensional equations
of relativity, plus an extra bit which turned out to be / Page
205 / precisely the equations of electromagnetism.
In effect, Kaluza's five-dimensional theory consisted of two
separate pieces that fit- ted together like a jigsaw puzzle-Einstein's
theory of gravity and Maxwell's theory of.-.electromagnetism
(the field equations of light).
Another way of understanding this "mathematical miracle,"
says physicist Paul Davies, is that "Kaluza showed that
electro-magnetism is actually a form of gravity." Not the
regular gravity of everyday physics, but "the gravity of
an unseen [fifth] dimension of space."22 In 1919 Kaluza
sent a paper on all this to Einstein. So stunned was the great
physicist by the young Pole's radical addition of an extra dimension
that like Lord Sphere in Abbott's Flatland, he was appalled.
For two years Einstein apparently refused to an- swer Kaluza's
letter. But the whole construction was so mathe-matically elegant
he could not get it out of his mind, and finally in 1921 he
became convinced of the importance of Kaluza's ideas and submitted
the paper to a scientific journal.
Ironically, it was the very beauty of Kaluza's construction
that so shook Einstein, and many other physicists. Was this
five- dimensional space of Kaluza's "just a parlor trick?
Or numerology? Or black magic?"23 It was all very well
to propose that time was a fourth dimension (for that,
after all, is a real aspect of our physical experience), but
what on earth was this supposed fifth dimension? If Kaluza's
equations were to be taken seriously-and not just as mathematical
chicanery-then the awkward question arose: Where is this extra
dimension? Why don't we see it?
To this query Kaluza had a disarmingly simple answer. He declared
that the extra dimension is so small it escapes our normal attention.
The reason we don't see, he said, it is because it is mi- croscopic.
To understand this proposal, again it is helpful to resort to
a lower-dimensional analogy. Imagine this time that you live
on a line, what we might call Lineland, the one-dimensional
sibling of Flatland. As a dot in this linear universe, you can
travel up and / Page 206 / down your line, always remaining
in a single dimension. Now suppose that one day a scientist
in your Lineland announces she has discovered an extra dimension
and that your universe is really two-dimensional. At first you
think she is mad. Where is this other dimension? you ask. Why
can't we see it? But then the scientist ex-plains that in fact
you don't live on a line, but on a very thin hose. Each
point of your line universe is not really a point, but a tiny
circle, one so small that you never notited it. Taking
this extra microscopic dimension into account, your world is
not a line, but really a two-dimensional cylindrical surface.
This was the essence of Kaluza's explanation for his fifth
di-mension. According to him, every point in our three dimensions
of space is actually a tiny circle, so that in reality there
are four di-mensions of space, plus one of time, making
a total of five. In 1926 the Swedish physicist Oskar Klein made
improvements to Kaluza's theory which enabled him to calculate
the size of this tiny hidden dimension. According to Klein's
calculations, it was no wonder we had not observed the extra
direction because it is ab-solutely minute. Its circumference
was just 10-32 centimeters-a hundred billion billion (102�)
times smaller than the nucleus of an atom!
So small was Kaluza's dimension that even if we ourselves were
the size of atoms we would still not notice it. Yet this
tiny di-mension could be responsible for all electromagnetic
radiation: light, radio waves, X rays, microwaves, infrared,
and ultraviolet. A powerful punch indeed for something so small.
Unfortunately, the Kaluza-Klein dimension was so small there
was no way of measuring it directly. Even our largest accelerators
today still cannot measure things on such a minute scale. So
what then are
we to make of Kaluza's vision? Is this fifth dimension physically
real? Or is it just an elegant mathematical fiction?
Kaluza himself insisted that the beauty of his theory could
not "amount to the mere alluring play of a capricious accident."24
He firmly believed in the reality
of his fourth spatial dimension. He knew his tiny dimension
could not be tested directly, so he de-cided instead to conduct
an experiment of his own to test the gen-eral correspondence
between theory and reality. The test case he chose was not anything
from the realm of physics, but the art of swimming. As someone
who could not swim, Kaluza decided he would learn all he could
about the theory of swimming and when he had mastered
that then he would test this theoretical framework against the
reality of the sea. Giving himself over to the,project, he diligently
studied all aspects of the aquatic art until finally he felt
he was ready. Now, trunks in hand, the young Pole escorted his
family to the seaside for the crucial test. With no prior experience,
in front of the assembled Kaluza clan, Theodr hurled himself
into the waves. . . and 10 and behold he could swim! Theory
had been born out by practice in the real world. Could the tiny
dimension also be there in the real world?
Unfortunately, if in Kaluza's own mind the swimming ex-periment
supported a general correspondence between theory and reality,
few others were willing to embrace the idea of an unseen and
unmeasurable fifth dimension. Sadly, after an initial flurry
of interest, the physics community turned away. Yet the startling
el-egance of Kaluza's equations raised an uneasy question: How
many dimensions of space are there really in the world
around us?
As happens so often in the history of science, it was not in
fact a new question. As long ago as the second century, Ptolemy
had considered the matter and had argued that no more than three
di-mensions are permitted in nature. Kant also had argued that
three dimensions are inevitable. In this he could call upon
the support a good deal of hard science. For instance it is
well known that gravity and the electromagnetic force both obey
"inverse square laws" - the strength of the force
drops off according to the square of the distance. As early
as 1747, "Kant recognized the deep con-nection between
this law and the three-dimensionality of space."25
" It turns out that in
anything other than three dimensions, problems quickly arise
with inverse square forces. For example, in four or more spatial
dimensions, gravity would be so strong that planets would spiral
into the sun; they would not be able to form stable orbits.
Similarly, electrons would not be able to form stable orbits
around nuclei.26 Hence atoms could not form. It can also be
shown that in four spatial dimensions, waves cannot propagate
cleanly. From these physical facts, Kant and others had concluded
that we must live in a universe with just three spatial
dimensions.
But all these arguments had assumed that any extra dimen- sions
would be fully extended like the regular three. If an addi-
tional dimension was tiny, however, it would not affect
the regular functioning of gravity, electricity, and wave propagation.
On the large scale, such a universe would operate as if there
were just three dimensions; only on the microscopic scale
would the extra one reveal itself. In other words, our universe
could function prop-erly with five dimensions.
If Kaluza was right, and such a thing did exist, it would
pack a very potent punch. "Viewed this way, there [would
be] no forces at all, only warped five-dimensional geometry,
with particles me-andering freely in a landscape of structured
nothingness."27 It was a very beautiful idea, but for over
half a century most physicists paid no more attention to Kaluza
than to Hinton or Ouspensky, and the fifth dimension seemed
little less than an oddity of math-ematical mysticism. Then
suddenly in the 1980s that began to change when new developments
in particle physics began to sug- gest that Kaluza might just
be onto something.
By the 1 980s, two new forces of nature had been discovered.
In addition to gravity and electromagnetism, there was now the
weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force. These
forces are what holds atomic nucleirogether, hence they are
responsible for keeping matter stable. With these nuclear powers,
the basic "forces of nature" had expanded in number
from two to four. Today physi-/ Page 209 / cists feel confident
that this set-gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force, and
the strong force - represent the full complement of our physical
universe. But what really began to excite them was the idea
that all four might be just different aspects of a single overarching
force-a kind of unifying super-force.
The idea of an underlying unity among all four forces of
na-ture was so thrilling to many theoretical and particle physicists
they were prepared to try anything to realize this vision. Many
at-tempts were made to find a unifying theory, but after a decade
of failure, they began to realize that desperate measures might
be called for. At this point they began to look again at Kaluza.
After all, he had been able to unify gravity and the electromagnetic
force; perhaps his approach might be able to unify all four
forces? Now, the idea of unseen hidden dimensions reared its
head with a vengeance, for while Kaluza had been able to explain
electro-magnetism by adding just one more dimension to Einstein's
equa-tions, physicists found that in order to accommodate the
weak and strong forces they had to add another six dimensions
of space- bringing the total number of dimensions to eleven!
As before, all these extra dimensions are microscopic-tiny
little curled-up di-rections in space that can never be detected
by human senses.
The picture that has emerged over the past decade is thus of
an eleven-dimensional universe, with four extant, or large,
di-mensions (three of space and one of time), and seven microscopic
space dimensions all rolled up into some tiny complex geometric
form. On the scale that we humans experience, the world is four-dimensional,
but underneath, say these new "hyperspace" physi-cists,
the "true" reality is eleven-dimensional. (Or, according
to some of the latest theories, maybe ten-dimensional.)
Perhaps the most radical feature of this eleven-dimensional
vision is the fact that it explains not only all the forces,
but matter also, as a by-product of the geometry of space.
In these extended Kaluza-Klein theories, matter too becomes
nothing but ripples in / Page 210 / he fabric of hyperspace.
Here, subatomic particles are also ex-plained by the properties
of the seven curled-up dimensions. One of the major projects
of theoretical physics over the past two decades has been to
articulate precisely how the curling up of these extra spatial
dimen~ions. occurs. Unfortunately there are an enormous number
of possible topologies for a seven-dimensional space, and so
far it has proved impossible to tease out which ones (if any)
correspond to the real world we live in. Part of the prob- lem,
again, is that all these dimensions are too tiny to be measured
directly, so any such theories can only be tested indirectly-if
at all. Nonetheless, hyperspace physicists are confident that
they will find the correct one.
We have looked at how the curvature of space can produce the
effect of physical forces such as gravity; let us consider now
the even more radicatidea that the curvature of space may also
be re- sponsible for matter. Forces such as gravity and
magnetism (which travel through thin air) have always, in a
sense, been closely allied with space, but how could matter
- the concrete stuff of our flesh and bones-arise from the non-substance
of space?
At first glance the whole notion seems absurd, but once again
the idea of matter as ripples in space is actually quite old.
As early as the 1870s Riemann's English disciple William Clifford
de-livered an address to the Cambridge Philosophical Society
"On the Space Theory of Matter."28 Taking Riemann's
ideas further even than the master himself, Clifford put forward
the view that particles of matter were just tiny kinks in the
"fabric" of space. A more sophisticated version of
the same idea arose early in our own century when physicists
began to think about wormholes. Original interest in wormholes
was not in the large-scale ones that would so excite science
fiction writers, but in microscopic wormholes that might be
associated with subatomic particles. A host of physics luminaries
from Einstein to Hermann Weyl "wondered whether all fundamental
particles might not actually be microscopic worm-/ Page
211 / holes."z9 In other words, just "the products
of warped spacetime." Einstein in particular became obsessed
with the notion that matter might be ripples in space, and he
spent the last thirty years of his life trying to extend the
equations of general relativity in this direction. He called
this dream a "unified field theory" and his fail-ure
to find such a theory was the greatest disappointment of his
life. According to Kaku, "to Einstein the curvature of
spacetime was like the epitome of Greek architecture, beautiful
and serene."30 But he regarded matter as messy and ugly.
He likened space to "marble" and matter to "wood,"
and he desperately wanted a theory that could transform ugly
"wood" into beautiful "marble."
Neither Clifford nor Einstein had the mathematical tools to
achieve the difficult synthesis of matter and space-above all
they were trying to work with just four dimensions. Today physicists
know that if matter is to be incorporated into the structure
of space, it must be achieved with a higher-dimensional theory.
In such a theory, matter, like force, would not be an independent
en- tity, but a secondary by-product of the totalizing substrate
of space. Here, everything that exists would be enfolded into
the bosom of hyperspace. Theories that attempt to do this are
sometimes known by the modest nickname "theories of everything,"
commonly re- ferred to as TOEs. In a successful TOE, every particle
that exists would be described as a vibration in the microscopic
manifold of the extra hidden dimensions. Objects would not be
in space, they
would be space. Protons, petunias, and people - we would
all be- come patterns in a multidimensional hyperspace we cannot
even see. According to this conception of reality, our very
existence as material beings would be an illusion, for in the
final analysis there would be nothing but "structured nothingness."
With a hyperspatial "theory of everything" we thus
reach the apogee of a movement that began in the late Middle
Ages: The el-evation of space as an ontological category is
now complete. As we / Page 212 / have seen, in the Aristotelian
world picture, space was a very minor and unimportant category
of reality-so unimportant that Aristo- tle didn't really have
a theory of "space" per se but strictly speak-ing
only a theory of "place." With the emergence of Newtonian
physics in the seventeenth century, the status of space was
raised so that along with matter and force it became one of
three major categories of reality. Now, at the close
of the twentieth century, space is becoming the only primary
category of the scientific world picture. Matter and force,
which in Newtonian physics were really above space in ontological
status, have now been relegated to sec-ondary status, with space
alone occupying the primary rung of the real. It is a little-remarked-upon
feature of modem Western physics that one way of characterizing
the enterprise is by the gradual as-cent of space in our existential
scheme. The final triumph of this invisible, intangible entity
to the ultimate essence of existence is surely one of
the more curious features of any world picture.
Hyperspace physicists' intensely geometric vision of reality
also marks the final chapter of the saga begun by Giotto and
the geometer-painters of the Renaissance. Here in TOE physicists'
equations would be the ultimate "perspective" picture
of the world, a vision in which everything is refracted
through the clari-fying prism of geometry. If, as Plato famously
declared, "God ever geometrizes," here would be the
last word on divine action. As the apotheosis of Roger Bacon's
"geometric figuring," a hyper-spatial "theory
of everything" would be, quite simply, a twenty- first-cen~ry
realization of a thirteenth-century dream.
In another way also a "theory of everything" would
be the ul-timate perspective picture of our universe, for this
picture too has a single point from which the whole world-image
originates. Physi- cists call it the big bang.
According to hyperspace physics, at the initial split second
of creation the entire universe was condensed into a microscopic
point containing all matter, force, energy, and space. At
this quintessential point, however, matter, force, energy, /
Page 207 / have seen, in the Aristotelian world picture, space
was a very minor and unimportant category of reality-so unimportant
that Aristo-tle didn't really have a theory of "space"
per se but strictly speak- ing only a theory of "place."
With the emergence of Newtonian physics in the seventeenth century,
the status of space was raised so that along with matter and
force it became one of three major categories of reality.
Now, at the close of the twentieth century, space is becoming
the only primary category of the scientific world picture.
Matter and force, which in Newtonian physics were really above
space in ontological status, have now been relegated to sec-
ondary status, with space alone occupying the primary rung of
the real. It is a little-remarked-upon feature of modem Western
physics that one way of characterizing the enterprise is by
the gradual as- cent of space in our existential scheme. The
final triumph of this invisible, intangible entity to the ultimate
essence of existence is surely one of the more curious features
of any world picture.
Hyperspace physicists' intensely geometric vision of reality
also marks the final chapter of the saga begun by Giotto and
the geometer-painters of the Renaissance. Here in TOE physicists'
equations would be the ultimate "perspective" picture
of the world, a vision in which everything is refracted
through the clari-fying prism of geometry. If, as Plato famously
declared, "God ever geometrizes," here would be the
last word on divine action. As the apotheosis of Roger Bacon's
"geometric figuring," a hyper- spatial "theory
of everything" would be, quite simply, a twenty- first-cen~ry
realization of a thirteenth-century dream.
In another way also a "theory of everything" would
be the ul- timate perspective picture of our universe, for this
picture too has a single point from which the whole world-image
originates. Physi- cists call it the big bang.
According to hyperspace physics, at the initial split second
of creation the entire universe was condensed into a microscopic
point containing all matter, force, energy, and space. At
this quintessential point, however, matter, force, energy, /
Page 213 / nd space were not yet separated from one another,
but were united in a single hyperspace substrate. In other words,
at the split second of creation everything was folded
within the all-embracing oneness of "pure" eleven-dimensional
space. From this point of hyperspatial unity, the universe then
unfolded.
As the single point from which the physicists' world picture
originates, the big bang is a scientific equivalent of
the perspective painters' "center of projection."
It is the point at which all "lines" in the hyperspace
universe converge. This is the place, then, where TOE physicists
would dearly like to "stand." Just as the viewer of
a perspective painting gets the most dramatic effect when standing
in the place from which the artist constructed the image, so
a hyperspace physicist could see his world picture most clearly
if he "stood" at the cosmic center of projection-the
big bang.
It is in search of this particular "point of view"
that physicists build ever larger particle accelerators. The
higher the energy one can generate in an accelerator, the closer
one gets to "melting" to-gether the four separate
forces, and thus the more one can see of the underlying hyperspatial
unity. In a very real sense, particle ac-celerators are tools
for exploring higher-dimensional space, and the final goal with
such machines is to glimpse once more the ini-tial point of
"pure" eleven-dimensional hyperspace. Physicists speak
about this initial period of hyperspace unity as the time when
there was "perfect symmetry" between all eleven dimen-
sions. What they want to do is to glimpse for themselves this
orig- inal perfect symmetry. Ironically, while artists long
ago abandoned Renaissance aesthetics, those classical ideals
of beauty live on in physicists' dream of a "theory of
everything." Like the Renaissance painters, TOE physicists
also hold mathematical symmetry as the highest aesthetic ideal.
It is their dream, their goal, and, it has even been said, their
"Holy Grail."..."
DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE
Siegfried Mandel 1969
"Van de Graaff generator: a particle
accelerator; to obtain high voltage, static electricity is
generated and picked up at one end of the machine by a rubber
belt and carried to the other end where it is collected in
a large sphere."
THE ROOTS OF COINCIDENCE
Arthur Koestler
1972
"Euclidian geometries, invented by earlier
mathematicians more or less as a game, provided the basis for
his relativistic cosmology.
2
Another great physicist whose thoughts moved in a similar direction
was Wolfgang Pauli.
At the end of the 1932 conference on nuclear physics in Copenhagen
the participants, as was their custom on these occasions, performed
a skit full of that quantum humour of which we have already had
a few samples. In that particular year they produced a parody
of Goethe's Faust, in which Wolfgang Pauli was cast in the role
of Mephistopheles; his Gretchen was the neutrino, whose existence
Pauli had predicted, but which had not yet been discovered.
MEPHISTOPHELES
(to Faust):
Beware, beware, of Reason
and of Science
Man's highest powers, unholy in alliance.
You'll let yourself, through dazzling witchcraft yield
To weird temptations of the quantum field.
Enter Gretchen; she sings to Faust. Melody:
"Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel" by Schubert.
GRETCHEN:
My rest-mass is zero
My charge is the same
You are my hero
Neutrino's my name."
RAMAH
II
Arthur C. Clarke & Gentry Lee1989
Page179
"the Wakefield
dossier"
"and Wakefield"
"Wakefield"
SUPERDAD
Chris is on the March
By Julie Storr May 29th, 2004
Page 93
"CHRIS MARCH is getting shirty
with twin sons Paul and David.
Devoted father Chris has followed his sons' careers religiously
but the identical twins, 24, have threatened to tear his loyalties
down the middle since joining different clubs.
So Chris has come up with the idea of having a two-way shirt espe-
cially made for himself.
One half is made up of David's Wakefield Wildcats
colours and the other half is Paul's Huddersfield Giants strip.
And Chris will be wearing it tomor- row when Giants host the Wildcats
at the McAlpine Stadium.
Wildcats hooker and vice-captain David said: "Luckily
we've both got the same squad number, so there is no problem
there. Dad has the No 9 on the back and the name March
above it and keeps us both happy."
Paul said: "When we play against each other mum and dad don't
know who to cheer for."
WAKEFIELD EXPRESS
Friday March 5th 2004
"ROOKIE officer PC999 Phil Jacobs met his'
collar-number counterpart - and discovered they had the same surname
too.
In a bizarre coincidence 20-year-old Phil, of West Yorkshire
Police, met PC 999 David Jacobs, who has been
a North Yorkshire officer for more than 30 years, and realised
they shared the same profession, name and famous number.
The veteran officer, who came to Wakefield to teach in the force's
driver training school at Crofton, had a word of advice for his
young namesake,
"Hand the number in," David joked. , "I heard the
same jokes over and over again. A popular one was, 'What are you
doing with your phone number on your shoulder?'
"Sometimes you just laugh it off and eventually your colleagues
get sick of making jokes. But I stuck it for 30 years and they
still remember me.""
David, 51, spotted Phil's picture in West Yorkshire Police's internal
magazine The Beat.
"I was snapped in an identical pose in the Police Review
magazine as Phil was for his picture in The Beat almost 25 years
later," he said.
David was front-page news in the national papers in 1980 when
his quirky number was noticed and recent recruit Phil hit the
headlines in December when he was given his collar number.
Phil, who will begin walking the beat in Wakefield next month
after he finishes training, said: "It is such a coincidence
and quite spooky that we both have the same name and unusual number.
We're not related though."
The Natural Remedy For The Relief
Of Arthritis
Dr. Anton Robinson
Bodywell (no
date)
"The treatments active ingredient
was a metal present in the soil, found almost everywhere on earth.
In fact, silicon is the second most abundant element on
the planet, after oxygen. The dioxide of silicon (SiO2),
called silica, is an extremely hard solid that constitutes over
half of the Earth's crust. That explains why clay, which is essentially
composed of hydrated aluminum silicates, has been used to treat
rheumatic and other types of joint pain since time immemorial."
6 |
OXYGEN |
90 |
36 |
9 |
7 |
SILICON |
81 |
36 |
9 |
7 |
CARBONS |
72 |
27 |
9 |
LIVING AT THE END OF THE WORLD
Marina Benjamin
JOSEPH SMITHS KINGDOM
Page 144
"Mormonism is currently the fastest-growing
new religion in the modern world.Its subscribers number 10 million
and rising, it continues to attract converts from across the globe
at an astonishing rate of 900 per day"
BREWER'S
DICTIONARY OF PHRASE AND FABLE
Ivor H Evans
1985
Page 785
"Nlihilism (ni' hil izm) (Lat. nihil, nothing).
The name given to an essentially philo-sophical and literary movement
in Russia which questioned and protested against conventional
and established values, etc. The term was popularized by Turgenev's
novel Fathers and Sons (1862) and was subsequently confused
with a kind of re-volutionary anarchism. Although nihil-ism proper
was basically non-political, it strengthened revolutionary trends.
The term was not new having long been ap-plied to negative systems
of philosophy..."
Nile. The Egyptians used to say that the rising of the
Nile was caused by the tears of ISIS. The feast
of Isis was celebrated at the anniversary of the death of OSIRIS,
when Isis was supposed to mourn for her husband..."
4 |
ISIS |
56 |
20 |
2 |
6 |
OSIRIS |
89 |
35 |
8 |
10 |
|
145 |
55 |
10 |
1+0 |
|
1+4+5 |
5+5 |
1+0 |
1 |
|
10 |
10 |
1 |
|
|
1+0 |
1+0 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
NILE |
40 |
22 |
4 |
4 |
LINE |
40 |
22 |
4 |
8 |
|
80 |
44 |
8 |
|
|
8+0 |
|
|
8 |
|
8 |
8 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HALO |
|
|
|
2 |
HA |
9 |
9 |
9 |
2 |
LO |
27 |
9 |
9 |
4 |
HALO |
36 |
18 |
9 |
|
|
3+6 |
1+8 |
|
4 |
HALO |
9 |
9 |
9 |
"Nimbus (Lat., a cloud). In Christian
art a HALO of light placed round the head of an eminent
personage. There are three forms: (1) Vesica piscis, or
fish form (cp. ICHTHYS), used in representations
of Christ and occasionally of the Virgin Mary, extending round
the whole figure; (2) a circular halo; (3) radiated like a star
or sun. The enrichments are: (1) for our Lord, a CROSS;
(2) for the Virgin, a circlet of stars; (3) for ANGELS,
a circlet of small rays, and an outer circle of quatrefoils; (4)
the same for SAINTS and martyrs, but with the name often
inscribed round the circumference; (5) for the Deity the rays
diverge in a triangular direction. Nimbi / Page 786 / of
a square form signify that the persons so represented were living
when they were painted.
The nimbus was used by heathen nations long before painters Introduced
it into sacred pictures of saints, the TRINITY, and the
Virgin Mary. PROSER. PINE was represented with a nimbus; the Roman
EMPERORS were also decorated in the same manner because they were
divi. Cpo AUREOLE."
"Nimrod. Any daring or outstanding hun-ter; from the
"mighty hunter before the Lord" (Gen.
x, 9 , which the TARGUM says means a "sinful
hunting of the sons of men". Pope says of him, he was
"a mighty hunter, and his prey was man" (Windsor
Forest, 62); so also Milton inter-prets the phrase (Paradise
Lost, XII, 24, etc.).
The legend is that the tomb of Nimrod still exists in
Damascus, and that no dew ever falls upon it, even though
all its sur-roundings are saturated..."
Nine. Nine, FIVE, THREE are mystical num-mbers-the
DIAPASON, diapente, and dia-trion of the
Greeks. Nine consists of a trinity of trinities.
According to the Pythagoreans man is a full chord, or eight notes,
and deity comes next. Three, being the TRINITY,
represents a perfect unity; twice three is the perfect
dual; and thrice three is the perfect
plural. This explains why nine is a mystical
number.
From ancient times the number nine has been held of particular
significance. DEUCALION'S ark was tossed about for
nine days when it stranded on the top of Mount PARNASSUS.
There were nine MUSES,
nine Gallicenae or virgin priest-esses of the ancient
Gallic ORACLE; and Lars Porsena swore by nine
gods.
NIOBE'S children lay nine days in their blood
before they were buried; the HYDRA had nine
heads; at the Lemuria, held by the Romans on
9, 11 , and 13 May, persons haunted
threw black beans over their heads, pronouncing nine
times the words: "Avaunt, ye spectres, from this house!"
and the EXORCISM was complete (see Ovid's Fasti).
There were nine rivers of HELL, or, according
to some accounts, the STYX en-compassed the infernal regions
in nine circles; and Milton makes the gates
of HELL "thrice three-fold", "three
folds were brass, three iron, three of adaman-tine
rock". They had nine folds, nine
plates, and nine linings (Paradise Lost,
II, 645).
VULCAN, when kicked from OLYMPUS, was nine
days falling to the island of LEM- NOS; and when the
fallen ANGELS were cast out of HEAVEN Milton says
"Nine days they fell" (Paradise Lost,
VI, 871).
In the early Ptolemaic system of astronomy, before the PRIMUM
MOBILE was added, there were nine SPHERES;
hence Milton, in his Arcades, speaks of
The celestial siren's harmony
That sat upon the nine enfolded spheres.
In Scandinavian mythology there were nine
earths, HEL being the goddess of the ninth;
there were nine worlds in NIFL-HElM, and
ODIN'S ring dropped eight other rings every ninth
night.
In folk-lore nine appears frequently.
The ABRACADABRA was worn nine days, and
then flung into a river; in order to see the FAIRIES one
is directed to put "nine grains of wheat on
a four-leaved clover"; nine knots are made
on black wool as a charm for a sprained ankle; if a servant fmds
nine green peas in a peascod, she lays it on the
lintel of the kitchen door, and the fIrst man that enters is to
be her cavalier; to see nine magpies is most un-lucky;
a cat has nine lives (see also CAT O'NINE
TAILS); and the nine of Diamonds is known as
the CURSE OF SCOTLAND.
The weird sisters in Shakespeare's Macbeth (I, ill) sang,
as they danced round the cauldron, "Thrice to thine, and
thrice to mine, and thrice again to make up nine"; and
then declared "the charm wound up"; and we drink a Three-
limes-three to those most highly hon-oured.
Leases are sometimes granted for 999 years, that is
three times three-three-three.
Page 787
Many run for 99 years, the
dual of a trinity of trinities.
See also the NINE POINTS OF THE LAW below, and
the NINE WORTHIES under WORTHIES. There are nine
orders of angels; in HERALDRY there are nine marks
of cadency and nine different crowns recognized.
Dressed up to the nines. See DRESSED. Nine
days' Queen. Lady Jane Grey. She was proclaimed queen in London
on 10 July 1553; Queen Mary was proclaimed in London on 19 July.
Nine days' wonder. Something that causes a great
sensation for a few days, and then passes into the LIMBO
of things forgotten. An old proverb is: "A wonder lasts
nine days, and then the puppy's eyes are open", alluding
to dogs, which like cats, are born blind. As much as to say, the
eyes of the public are blind in aston-ishment for nine
days, but then their eyes are open, and they see too much to won-der
any longer.
King: You'd think it strange
if I should marry her. Gloster: That would be ten days'
wonder, at the least. Clar.: That's a day longer than a
wonder lasts.
SHAKESPEARE: Henry VI, Pt. III, III, ii.
The Nine First Fridays.
In the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH the special observ-ance of the first
FRIDAY in each of nine consecutive months, marked
by receiv-ing the EUCHARIST. The practice derives from
St. Mary Alacoque (see SACRED
HEART under HEART), who held that Christ told her that
special grace would be granted to those fulf1lling this observ-ance.
Nine Men's Morris. See under MORRIS. Nine-tail
bruiser. Prison slang for the CAT-O'-NINE-TAILS.
Nine tailors make a man. See TAILOR.
Nine times out of ten. Far more often] than not.
Possession is nine points of the law. It is every advantage
a person can have short of actual right. The "nine
points of the law" have been given as: (1) a good deal of
money; (2) a good deal of patience; (3)
a good cause; (4) a good lawyer; (5) a good ]
counsel; (6) good witnesses; (7) a good jury; (8) a good judge;
and (9) good luck. To look nine ways. To squint.
Ninepence. Commendation Nine-pence. See COMMENDATION.
Nice as ninepence. A corruption of "Nice as nine-pins".
In the game of nine- pins, the "men" are set
in three rows with the utmost exactitude or nicety.
Nimble as ninepence. Silver ninepences were common
till the year 1696, when all Unmilled coin was called in.
These nine- pences were very pliable or "nimble",
and, being bent, were given as love tokens, the usual formula
of presentation being To my love, from my love. There is
an old proverb, A nimble ninepence is bet-ter than a
slow shilling.
Ninepence to a shilling. An old rustic phrase in the
West of England meaning that the person referred to is deficient
in common sense or intelligence.
Right as ninepence. Perfectly well; in perfect condition.
Ninus. Son of Belus, husband of SEMI-RAMIS, and the reputed
builder of Nineveh. It is at his tomb that the lovers meet
in the PYRAMUS and This be trav-esty:
Pyr.: Wilt thou at Ninny's
tomb meet me straight- way?
This.: 'Tide life, 'tide death, I come without delay.
SHAKESPEARE: Midsummer Night's Dream, V, i.
|
NIOBE |
45 |
27 |
9 |
|
TANTALUS |
|
|
|
|
AMPHION |
|
|
|
|
THEBES |
|
|
|
|
LATONA |
|
|
|
|
APOLLO |
|
|
|
|
DIANA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Niobe (ni' o be). The personification
of maternal sorrow. According to Greek legend, Niobe, the
daughter of TANTA-LUS and wife of AMPHION, King
of THEBES, was the mother of fourteen chil-dren, and taunted
LATONA because she had but two)-APOLLO and DIANA.
Lato-na commanded her children to avenge the insult and
they consequently de-stroyed Niobe's sons and daughters.
Niobe, inconsolable, wept herself to death, and was changed
into a stone, from which ran water, "Like Niobe, all
tears" (SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, I, ii).
The Niobe of Nations. So BYRON styles ROME, the "lone
mother of dead empires", with "broken thrones and temples";
a "chaos of ruins"; a "desert where we steer stumbling
o'er recollec-tions" (Childe Harold, iv, 79).
I
i i i i i i i i
CASSELL'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY
1968
Page 775
"Nimrod (nim' rod) [the
mighty hunter of Geo. x. 8-9], n. (fig.) A great
hunter.
nincompoop (nin' k6m poop) [etym. unknown], no A noodle,
a blockhead, a fool.
nine (nin) [A.-S. nigon (cp. Dut. mgen,
G. neun, Icel. niu, L. novem, Gr. ennea,
Sansk. navan)], a. Containing eight and one.
n. The number com-posed of eight and one, 9,
Ix; a card of nine pips. nine days' wonder: An event,
person, or thing that is a novelty for the moment but ia soon
for-gotten. nine times out often: Usually, generally. to
the nines: To perfection, elaborately. the Nine:
The Muses. nine-pins, n. A game with nine
skittles set up to be bowled at, (Am. ten-pina). nine-tenths,
n. (collq.) Nearly all. ninefold, a. Nine
times repeated. nineteen, a. Containing one more
than eighteen. n. The number representing this quantity,
19, xix. nineteen to the dozen: Volubly.
nineteenth, a. nineteenth hole: (colloq.
Golf) The clubhouse bar. ninety, a. Con-taining
nine times ten. n. The number containing nine
times ten, 90, xc; (pl.) the years between 89
and 100 in a century or a person's life. nine-tieth,
a.
ninny (nin' i) [perh.
imit., cpo Sp. nino, It. ninno, child], n. A
fool, a simpleton.
ninon (ne' non) [F.~, no (Textiles) A aerni-diaphan-
ous light silk material.
ninth (ninth) [NINE, -TH], a. Next
after the eighth. n. One of nine equal parts;
(Mus.) an interval of an octave and a second. ninthly,
adu.
niobium (ni o' bi ium) [Niobe, daughter
of Tantalus, -IUM], n. (Chern.) A metallic element
occurring in tantalite etc. niobic (ni /I' bik),
a. nioblte (ni' 6 bit), n. A niobic aalt; (Min.)
a variety of tantalite.
Page 943
RAMADAN (ramadan')
[Arab.(cp. Pers. and Turk.Ramazan), from ramada,
to be hot], The ninth month of the Mohammedan
year, the time of the great annual fast
7 |
RAMADAN |
|
|
|
4 |
RAMA |
33 |
15 |
6 |
3 |
DAN |
19 |
10 |
1 |
|
|
52 |
25 |
7 |
|
|
5+2 |
2+5 |
|
7 |
RAMADAN |
52 |
25 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
72 |
36 |
9 |
|
|
7+2 |
3+6 |
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
|
|
|
3 |
M+O+H |
36 |
9 |
9 |
3 |
A+M+M |
27 |
9 |
9 |
2 |
E+D |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
MOHAMMED |
72 |
36 |
9 |
|
|
7+2 |
3+6 |
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
|
|
|
|
M+O |
28 |
10 |
1 |
|
H+A |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
M+M |
26 |
8 |
8 |
|
E+D |
|
|
|
|
MOHAMMED |
72 |
36 |
9 |
|
|
7+2 |
3+6 |
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
|
|
|
|
M |
13 |
13 |
4 |
|
O |
15 |
15 |
6 |
|
HA |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
M |
13 |
13 |
4 |
|
M |
13 |
13 |
4 |
|
E+D |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
MOHAMMED |
72 |
36 |
9 |
|
|
7+2 |
3+6 |
|
8 |
MOHAMMED |
9 |
9 |
9 |
10 |
NAMES OF GOD |
99 |
45 |
9 |
7 |
MANKIND |
66 |
30 |
3 |
KEEPER OF GENESIS
A QUEST FOR THE HIDDEN LEGACY OF MANKIND
Robert Bauval Graham Hancock 1996
Page 254
"...Is there in any sense an interstellar
Rosetta Stone? We believe there is a common language that all
technical civilizations, no matter how different, must have.
That common language is science and mathematics.
The laws of Nature are the same everywhere:..."
Page 255
" In addition, though
the monuments are enabled to 'speak' from the moment that their
astronomical context is understood, we have also to consider the
amazing profusion of funerary texts that have come down to us
from all periods of Egyptian history - all apparently emanating
from the same very few common sources5 As we
have seen, these texts operate like 'software' to the monuments'
'hardware', charting the route that the Horus-King (and all other
future seekers) must follow.
We recall a remark made by Giorgio
de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend in Hamlet's Mill to the effect
that the great strength of myths as vehicles for specific technical
information is that they are capable of transmitting that information
independently of the knowledge of individual story-tellers.6
In other words as long as a myth continues to be told true, it
will also continue to transmit any higher message that may be
concealed within its structure - even if neither the teller nor
the hearer understands that message."
CHEIRO'S
BOOK OF NUMBERS
Circa 1926
Page106
"Shakespeare, that Prince of Philosophers, whose thoughts
will adorn English litera-ture for all time, laid down the well-known
axiom: There is a tide in the affairs of men which if taken
at the flood, leads on to fortune." The question has been
asked again and again, Is there some means of knowing when the
moment has come to take the tide at the flood?
My answer to this question is that the Great Architect of the
Universe in His Infinite Wisdom so created all things in such
harmony of design that He endowed the human mind with some part
of that omnipotent knowledge which is the attribute of the Divine
Mind as the Creator of all.
HARMONIC 288
Bruce Cathie
1977
EIGHT
THE MEASURE OF LIGHT
Page 95
"The search for this particular value was a lengthy one and
the clue that led me finally to a possible solution was a study
of the construction of the Grand Gallery. The height of the Gallery
was the first indication that it was not just an elaborate access
passage. Previous measurements made by scientific investigators
pointed to some interesting possibilities."
Page 95
"The value that I calculated for length was extremely close
to that of the one published in Davidson and Aldersmith's book,
their value being 1836 inches,"
Page 95/97
"A search of my physics books revealed that 1836
was the closest approximation the scientists have calculated to
the mass / ratio of the positive hydrogen ion, i.e. the proton,
to the electron."
JUST SIX NUMBERS
Martin Rees
1
999
OUR COSMIC HABITAT
I
PLANETS STARS AND LIFE
Page 24
"A proton is 1,836 times
heavier than an electron, and the number 1,836 would have the
same connotations to any 'intelligence' "
Page 24 / 25
"A manifestly artificial
signal- even if it were as boring as lists of prime numbers, or
the digits of 'pi' - would imply that 'intelli- gence'
wasn't unique to the Earth and had evolved elsewhere. The nearest
potential sites are so far away that signals would take many years
in transit. For this reason alone, transmission would be primarily
one-way. There would be time to send a measured response, but
no scope for quick repartee!
Any remote beings who could communicate with us would have some
concepts of mathematics and logic that paralleled our own. And
they would also share a knowledge of the basic particles and forces
that govern our universe. Their habitat may be very different
(and the biosphere even more different) from ours here on Earth;
but they, and their planet, would be made of atoms just like those
on Earth. For them, as for us, the most important particles would
be protons and electrons: one electron orbiting a proton makes
a hydrogen atom, and electric currents and radio transmitters
involve streams of electrons. A proton is 1,836 times heavier
than an electron, and the number 1,836 would have the same connotations
to any 'intelligence' able and motivated to transmit radio
signals. All the basic forces and natural laws would be the same.
Indeed, this uniformity - without which our universe would be
a far more baffling place - seems to extend to the remotest galaxies
that astronomers can study. (Later chapters in this book will,
however, speculate about other 'universes', forever beyond range
of our telescopes, where different laws may prevail.)
Clearly, alien beings wouldn't use metres, kilograms or seconds.
But we could exchange information about the ratios of two masses
(such as thc ratio of proton and electron masses) or of two lengths,
which are 'pure numbers' that don't depend on what units
are used: the statement that one rod is ten times as long as another
is true (or false) whether we measure lengths / in feet or metres
or some alien units"
THE TUTANKHAMUN PROPHECIES
Maurice Cotterell
Page 195
"Anderson's Constitutions
of the Freemasons (1723) comments:
. . . the finest structures of Tyre and Sidon could not be compared
with the Eternal God's Temple at Jerusalem. . . there were employed
3,600 Princes, or 'Master Masons', to conduct the w,ork
according to Solomon's directions, with 80,000 hewers of
stone in the mountains ('Fellow Craftsmen'), and 70,000
labourers, in all 153,600, besides the levy under
Adoniram to work in the mountains of Lebanon by turns with the
Sidonians, viz 30,000 being in all 183,600."
"being in all 183,600."
THE TUTANKHAMUN PROPHECIES
Maurice Cotterell
1
999
BEHIND THE WALL OF SILENCE
Page 190
"The holy number of sun-worshippers is 9, the highest
number that can be reached before becoming one (10) with the creator.
This is why Tutankhamun was entombed in nine layers of coffin.
This is why the pyramid skirts of the two statues, guarding the
entrance to the Burial Chamber, were triangular (base 3),
when the all-seeing eye-skirt of Mereruka contained a pyramid
skirt with a base of four sides. The message concealed here is
that the 3 should be squared, which equals 9"
"The message concealed
here is that the 3 should be squared, which equals 9"
THE JUPITER EFFECT
John Gribbin and Stephen Plagemann
1977
Page 122
"Seventeen 'major historical earthquakes' are referred
to in the report all of which occurred since
1836"
THE TUTANKHAMUN PROPHECIES
Maurice Cotterell
1
999
BEHIND THE WALL OF SILENCE
Page 190
"The holy number of sun-worshippers is 9,
the highest number that can be reached before becoming one
(10) with the creator. This is why Tutankhamun was entombed
in nine layers of coffin. This is why the pyramid skirts of
the two statues, guarding the entrance to the Burial Chamber,
were triangular (base 3), when the all-seeing eye-skirt of Mereruka
contained a pyramid skirt with a base of four sides. The message
concealed here is that the 3 should be squared, which
equals 9"
"The message concealed
here is that the 3 should be squared, which equals 9"
STEPHEN HAWKING
Quest for a theory of everything
Kitty Ferguson 1991
Page 103
"The square root
of 9 is three. So we know that the third side.' (line
ends)
There are 13 words
and the number 9 in the 33rd line down
of page 103
THE BIOLOGY OF DEATH
Lyall Watson
1974
Page 49
"As long ago as 1836, in a Manual of Medical
Jurisprudence, this was said: 'Individuals who are apparently
destroyed in a sudden manner, by certain wounds, diseases
or even decapi-tation, are not really dead, but are only
in conditions incompat-ible with the persistence of life."
THE OTHER MAN
continues, weaving the thread of the gossamer web
THE
EIGHT
Katherine Neville
1988
"A QUEST WITH SOMETHING
FOR EVERYONE"
Page 407 (number omitted)
THE CASTLE
Alice: It's a great huge game of chess that's being played
all over the world. . . Oh what fun
it
is! How I wish I was one of them! I wouldn't mind
being a Pawn, if only I
might
join - though of course I should like to be a Queen
best.
Red Queen: That's easily
managed. You can be the White Queen's Pawn if you like,
as Lily's
too
young to play - and you're in the Second Square to begin
with. When you
get
to the Eighth Square you'll be a Queen. . . .
Lewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass
DAILY MIRROR
Tuesday June 8, 2004
Jonathan Cainer
VENUS MAKES A PASS
THE TRANSIT OF VENUS ACROSS
THE SUN
Page 26 / 27
"IF YOU'RE reading this
before noon, there is a show that is out of this world happening
over your head.Venus is passing in front of the face of
THE SUN.
A miracle of nature is causing
the famous twinkling evening star to become briefly visible
in broad daylight. Nothing like this has happened since
1882 - which means not a single living soul has ever witnessed
it.
If you'd like to be part of history, all you have to do
is to grab two bits of card and make the simple pinhole
projector on the far right.
Do not, repeat not, look directly at the sun.
Don't kid yourself that you will be safe as long as you
are wearing sunglasses, either. If you're foolish enough
to watch through cheap tinted specs, or stupid and rich
enough to use Dolce & Gabbanas - you'll go blind just
the same.
After all, this is an event that will affect rich and poor
alike. Yet the alignment symbolises the kind of love that'money
can't buy. Deep, true, compassionate., dedicated, unconditional
love.
Love is coming in waves towards the earth and, just as surely
as it is going to cross economic boundaries, it is will
ignore astrological distinctions. No matter your sign, you
will experience an uplift in your spirits soon.
Yur material circum-stances will also improve as
a result of the love that you are willing to share, and
the loving support from others you are humble enough to
accept. You think this is a cold, harsh world?
It can be... but this transit means we're heading for a
phase during which less selfish ideals predominate.
And it's going to last for the next eight years.
The next transit of Venus is on June 6, 2012, and many New
Agers believe that the period between now and then marks
a "gateway between worlds of positive possi-bility".
The way they see it, every 121 years or so, the Earth gets
a chance to become the brighter, happier place it has always
had the potential to become. An eight-year "window"
opens up, during which people become far more receptive
to inspirational
ideas and grow less inclined to nurse old grudges
and grievances. .
The Venus transits usually (though not always)
come in pairs, eight years apart, at the end
of a 121-year cycle. Though those eight-year periods
don't always coincide with peace, they do create a more
mellow, forgiving climate.
The New Agers believe that the first Venus transit in the
sequence (the one happening today) is the key turning in
the lock, opening the door to a paradise future. The second
brings the moment when people must decide whether to
permanently welcome an era of higher consciousness or return
to the old ways of war, greed, suspicion and hatred.
It is no coincidence, they say, that the Mayans - the pre-conquest
inhabitants of what is now Southern Mexico and Guatemala
- ended their astonishingly accurate calendar in 2012. It
is, after all, based on the Venus cycle. According to those
who still believe in the Mayan vision, 2012 will be when
the Venus-god Quetzalcoatl returns to earth, to ask one
last time whether its inhabitants are ready to create
paradise. Or will they
remain in the same hell of mutual hatred?
Of course, this is not the only interpreta-tion of the Venus
transit.
Others, as you can see on this page, have their views of
what it means. Most agree that it is about love-and some,
too, reckon it is related to increased prosperity.
But the majority, myself choose to reserve judgment.
First we need to observe the event. Then digest it.
But on one point, at least, we are all already agreed.
In so far as one event can ever be good news for the
whole race, this is!"
GATEWAY TO ATLANTIS
Andrew Collins 2000
SNAKE OF FIRE
Chapter xx
Page 264
"THE LONG WAIT WAS WORTH
it. What lay in front of me in the depths of Punta del Este's
Cueva # 1 was something
quite special. The entrance is perhaps seven metres in width
and three metres in height, and inside is a central chamber
around twelve to fifteen metres deep. Positioned around
its walls are a series of separate bays of different shapes
and sizes, and a long corridor off to one side. It possessed
roughly seven bays or com- partments, perhaps reflecting
the septuple symbolism of Chico-moztoc, the Seven Caves.
The corridor, or chamber, on the right-hand side was around
ten metres in length and of undoubted human manufacture.
Johnny Rodriguez, the Cuban archaeologist, pointed out that
here the skeletons of Guayabo Blanco women had been found.
Each one, over 2,000 years old, was laid out in a foetal
position and covered in red ochre.
From this knowledge alone, it seemed clear that the Guayabo
Blanco venerated this cave site as a womb-like structure.
If this was true, it made sense of why Chicomoztoc was seen
as the place of emergence of the present human race.
The Transit of Venus
Strewn across the cavern's
dusty floor were fragments of conch shell left behind by
the last Taino to occupy, or use, the grotto. Overhead were
two circular skylights, like the' zenith tubes' found at
Olmec sites to mark the arrival of the sun at the time of
the equinoxes. Beneath the one closest to the entrance was
a circular concrete dais, where, according to Johnny, a
stone plat- form would have been set in the ground. The
rear skylight was difficult to approach, since it was now
directly above a mound of earth displaced during excavations.
Yet its apparent function was / Page
265 / interesting indeed. According to those scholars who
had studied these skylights, it marked the 584-day cycle
of the planet Venus. How this might have been achieved was
not made clear.
Should the skylight really mark the transit of the planet
Venus, then this was extremely important. Quetzalcoatl was
seen as the Morning Star, while his twin, Xolotl, was viewed
as the Evening Star, names given to the dual aspects of
Venus.
Had we truly found the original site of the Seven Caves?
Did this riddle, preserved by the Aztecs, relate in some
way to the manner in which Cueva # 1 was able to catch the
planetary influence of Venus, which, together with the seven
stars of the Pleiades, deter-mined the 52-year calendar
cycle marking the birthday of Quetzal-coatI? If this was
correct, might there also be a connection between the seven-fold
symbolism of the Seven Caves and the seven stars of the
Pleiades? Remember, aside from being known as Ah-Canule,
'People of. the Serpent', those who established high culture
in Mexico and the Yucatan were known as Ah-Tzai, 'People
of the Rattlesnake'.1
As a constellation, the rattlesnake was composed of a series
of stars that emanated from the Pleiades which formed its
seven-fold rattle. If we recall, too, that Quetzalcoatl's
own serpentine body was that of the rattlesnake, and that
the entire cult of the Chanes, or 'serpents', appears to
have revolved around a species of rattlesnake known as the
Crotalus durissus durissus,2 then this deadly snake
begins to playa hitherto unknown role in the gradually unfolding
story.
12 |
QUETZALCOATL |
153 |
45 |
9 |
5 |
VOTAN |
72 |
18 |
9 |
5 |
VENUS |
81 |
18 |
9 |
|
V+E |
27 |
9 |
9 |
|
S+U+N |
54 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
FEATHERED |
72 |
45 |
9 |
7 |
SERPENT |
97 |
34 |
7 |
5 |
SEDNA |
43 |
16 |
7 |
5 |
ANDES |
43 |
16 |
7 |
QUETZALCOATL
PRESENTS THE FEATHER RED SERPENT
LURE & ROMANCE OF
ALCHEMY
C. J. S. Thompson
1990
THE MYSTERY OF THE EMERALD TABLET
Page 31(chapter IV)
"AN atmosphere of romance and mystery surrounds the
tradition of an emerald tablet or table that is said to
have been discovered in the tomb of the legendary Hermes.
It is first mentioned in Western literature in a treatise
attributed to Albertus Magnus called De Mineralibus,
written in the early part of the fourteenth century.
In this manuscript it is stated that the tomb of Hermes
was discovered by Alexander the Great in a cave near Hebron,
and that in the tomb was found a tablet of emerald, taken
from the hands of the dead Hermes by Sarah, the wife of
Abraham. On this were inscribed in Phrenician characters
the precepts of the Great Master concerning the art of making
gold. The Hermes alluded to is doubtless intended to mean
the traditionary Hermes Trismegistus mentioned in Chapter
III.
There are many translations of the inscription supposed
to have been found on the tablet, and these in varied Arabic
and Latin forms have been carefully studied by Ruska.1 The
earliest forms of the text are in Arabic, and the following
is a translation from an Arab collection of commentaries
of the early twelfth century known as
The Emerald Table of
Hermes:
True it is, without falsehood,
certain most true. That which is above is like to that which
is below, and that which is below is like to that which
is above, to accomplish the miracles of one thing. And as
in all things whereby contemplation of one, so in all things
arose from this one thing by a single act of adoption.
The father thereof is the Sun, the mother the Moon.
The wind carried it in its womb, the earth is the source
thereof.
It is the father of all works of wonder throughout the world.
The power there of is perfect.
If it be cast on to earth, it will separate the element
of earth from that of fire, the subtle from the gross.
With great sagacity it doth ascend gently from earth to
heaven. Again it doth descend to earth and uniteth in itself
the force from things superior and things inferior.
Thus thou wilt possess the brightness of the world, and
all obscurity will fly far from thee.
This thing is the strong fortitude of all strength, for
it over-cometh every subtle thing and doth penetrate every
solid substance.
Thus was this world created.
Hence will there be marvellous adaptations achieved of which the
manner is this.
For this reason I am called Hermes Trismegistus because
I hold three parts of 'the wisdom of the whole world.
That which I had to say about the operation of Sol is completed."
THE SPIRITUAL TOURIST
Mick Brown
Edition
1
999
"Sir Edwin Arnold was another of the same breed. An
educationalist and journalist - he was at one time editor
of the Daily Telegraph -
Arnold was originally sent to India as the principal of
a government college in Poona. He became absorbed in Oriental
studies and wrote an epic poem on the life of the
Buddha,
The Light of Asia"
WHY SMASH ATOMS
A. K. Solomon 1940
"ONCE THE FAIRY TALE
HERO HAS PENETRATED THE RING OF FIRE ROUND THE MAGIC MOUNTAIN
HE IS FREE TO WOO THE HEROINE IN HER CASTLE ON THE MOUNTAIN
TOP"
THE MAGIC MOUNTAIN
ThomasMann
1924
"To speak of sorrow would be disingenuous. Yet in these
days Hans Castorp's eyes did wear an expression more musing
than common. This death, which could at no time have moved
him greatly, and after the lapse of years could scarcely
move him at all, meant the sundering of yet another bond
with the life be-low; gave to what he rightly called his
freedom the final seal. In the time of which we speak, all
contact between him and the flat-land had ceased. He sent
no letters thither, and received none thence. He no longer
ordered Maria Mancini, having found a brand up here to his
liking, to which he was now as faithful as once to his old-time
charmer: a brand that must have carried even a polar explorer
through the sorest and severest trials; armed with which,
and no other solace, Hans Castorp could lie and bear it
out indefinitely, as one does at the sea-shore. It was
an especially well cured brand, with the best leaf wrapper,
named
"Light of Asia ";
THE
LIGHT OF ASIA
Sir Edward Arnold
1909
'THE LIGHT OF ASIA.
OR
THE GREAT RENUNCIATION
(Mahabinishkramana)
BEING
THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF GAUTAMA
"AH! BLESSED LORD! OH, HIGH DELIVERER!
FORGIVE THIS FEEBLE SCRIPT, WHICH DOTH THEE WRONG,
MEASURING WITH LITTLE WIT THY LOFTY LOVE.
AH! LOVER! BROTHER! GUIDE! LAMP OF THE LAW!
I TAKE MY REFUGE IN THY NAME AND THEE!
I TAKE MY REFUGE IN THY LAW OF GOOD!
I TAKE MY REFUGE IN THY ORDER! OM!
THE DEW IS ON THE LOTUS! - RISE, GREAT SUN!
AND LIFT MY LEAF AND MIX ME WITH THE WAVE.
OM MANI PADME HUM, THE SUNRISE COMES!
THE DEWDROP SLIPS INTO THE SHINING SEA! "
THE
LIGHT OF ASIA
Sir Edward Arnold
1909
"RISE, GREAT SUN! AND
LIFT MY LEAF"
SO RISES THAT SUN SO SETS
THAT SON
ORISIS THAT SON SO SET'S
THAT SON
ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE SIX SEVEN EIGHT
NINE
HEARETH THEE THINE INNER VOICE
THOUARTNOWENTERINGINTODEEPHYPNOTICTRANCEANDWILLBEGIVENTHESEAUTOSUGGESTIONSWHICH
WILLBECARRIEDOUTBYTHEMINDBYTHEBODYBYTHESUBCONSCIOUSMINDALLCONTAINEDWITHINTHE
QUINTESSENTIALMOMENTOFMINDESSENCETHESETHENARETHEAUTOSUGGESTIONSTHATDAYBYDAYAND
INVERYWAYTHATTHATTHATHOLYISISISDRAWETHFROMOUTTHEINOFMOTHERWOMBTHEKINDALINISPIRIT
ENERGYGUIDEINGHERUPWARDSTHROUGHTHEFIRSTSECONDANDTHIRDCHAKRAUNTOTHE
FOURTHFIFTH SIXTHANDSEVENTHCHAKRAONTOTHE EIGHTHANDNINTHCHAKRAINTOHIGHESTENLIGHTENMENTOFMIND
ESSENCETHETHOUSANDPETALLOTUSOFBUDDHAHOODANDTHEREINVOWTOCONTINUE
DREAMING THE DREAMANDNOTENTERFINALLYINTOHIGHESTENLIGHTENMENTOFMINDESSENCEASLONGASSENTIENT
BEINGSDREAMOUTTHEIRDESTINIESORTHATGREATMOTHERTHATHOLYISISISDREAMETHTHATDREAMAWAY
AMEN
I
AM
YOU YOU
ARE ME WE ARE
THAT THAT THAT
ISISIS
HAPPY BIRTH DAY
O
NAMUH
THEN SINGS MY SOUL MY SAVIOUR GOD TO THEE
HOW GREAT THOU ART HOW GREAT THOU ART
|